More than 20% during prolonged dry periods
A Málaga case study cited by IEA PVPS recorded production losses above 20% during prolonged dry accumulation periods and an average daily loss of around 4.4%. As a global reference, IEA PVPS estimates average energy loss from PV soiling at 4–7%. Dust, pollen, sand and other deposits reduce the light reaching the module, but the impact on a specific plant may be lower or higher and should be measured using comparable site data.

